Improving science literacy with hypermedia Essay Example for Free

Improving science literacy with interactive multimedia system EssayMethods Learning Design computer architecture The four cornerstones of this Science learning and teaching design are goal-based and constructivist learning, simulation, computer-based fanciful learning environment, computer-based creative assessment, as wellspring as the traditional lectures and tutorials. In the baffle research, the uncovering Channel Pompeii The Last Day site was used as the hypermedia environment for investigating the science topic of Plate Tectonic Theory, first, and the meet of natural processes on human history (Pompeii), second.A few words need to be said about the structure of this hypermedia resource and its range for the current research. It is organized as the complex system of thematic hypermedia audio/ television receiver-packages accompanied by in framingational texts in written form. The structure of the site appears to be complex, so far as on the macrolevel it consists of the hypermedia branchs What Happened here? , the practical(prenominal) Volcano simulation, Pompeii Quiz, and Eruption Videos. Each macrounit, meanwhile, is designed as another macroentity.For example, the section What Happened Here? provides prentices with disparate types of information on the theme of volcanic activity having erased ancient cities from the earth surface. The feeling Back in Time slide-show is organized as a series (7 parts or pages) of the typed texts (The Long, Deathly Silence, Herculaneum, Two Days in August, The Story of Lupercus, Pompeii Part I, Pompeii Part II, and The Story of Caius Julius Polybius by Rossella Lorenzi).The ongoing Excavations, or Ongoing Archaeology slide-show comprising 6 parts or pages (Uncovering Pompeii, Bringing the Oldest Pompeii to Light, A Unique Glimpse, Herculaneums Lost Papyri, Lost Plays of Sophocles, and Multi-Spectral Imaging) is analogous in structure to the Step Back in Time macrounit. Besides, inwardly the same What H appened Here? macrosection, there is a Pompeiis Eyewitness Account web documentary. The students listen to the text and watch the video accounting for Pliny the Youngers story about the ancient Pompeii devastation.Whereas the aforedescribed macrounit explores the issues of human history in relating to natural catastrophes, the other macrosections concentrate on Plate plate tectonic theory theory and scientific description of ventholees as natural pressure valves. Under the umbrella of Volcanology, there are the hypermedia macrounits Virtual Volcano and of Eruption Video. The section Virtual Volcano consists in its turn of the Overview and the Virtual volcano simulation sections. The theme of the section is Tectonic Plates and Volcanoes. The Overview dwells on the Earths tectonic structure, volcano types ( trine subsections) and structure. The information is fronted by dint of both optical and textual form (typed text). In the macrounits of Global Perspective and Virtual volcan o a specific type of hypermedia symbolic simulation or microworld introduces students to the details of tectonic structure and volcanic activity. Simulation is a computer-based simulation of a work or decision-making environment as a system (Sauer, Wastell, Hockey, 2000, p. 46, qtd. in Gredler, 2004, p. 577).Whereas a Global Perspective is a genuine symbolic simulation of Earth with delineated plate boundaries and active volcanoes, the Virtual volcano section is an experiential simulation. This is an alliance of hypermedia and video images to create a virtual experience for students who are fulfilling roles as researchers (ibid. ). The macrounit seems to be designed to alter students comprehension of the theme by projecting the concepts from short-term to long-term memory, produceing topical vocabulary and operating knowledge in the goal-based settings.Six informational video packages within the section of Eruption Video train audition as well as visual comprehension. It also b roadens students vocabulary with useful terms and present visual information on useful concepts (e. g. pyroclastic flow, lava flow, underwater volcano, etc. ). The informational section Volcano news provides learners with interesting facts on ancient and modern volcanic activity (as well as other scientific facts there are 13 news pieces, 2 of which are corrupted). The hypermedia assessment tool is given in the form of the Pompeii Quiz.This is an interactive multiple-choice test Would you survive after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius?. To accomplish the test, a student must use knowledge having been gained during the research of the site. The Discovery Channel Pompeii The Last Day site seems to be a useful hypermedia environment for investigating the topics of Plate Tectonic Theory and its impact on human history. First, students pick up useful concepts related to several branches of science (tectonics, Volcanology, history, archeology, etc. ).Second, they learn important vocabulary on the topics in the flow of constructivist and creative learning process. Due to the fact that the hypermedia environment is used for achieving the learning goals, the body of information is presented through various media (typed text, oral speech, graphics, videoimages, photographs, simulations) and organized flexibly. A learner is free to step from one macrounit to another being led by his/her personal background and motivation, return to the sections which are of almost interest for him/her essentially and train comprehension skills in the Quiz as many times as (s)he needs.Finally, it refines students ICT skills while they use the World Wide Web to reach the site and decease from page to page. Instruments To evaluate the effect of the hypermedia learning environment on students comprehension of Science (Plate Tectonics, Volcanology, History, Archeology), the researcher investigated each of the four Pompeii The Last Day sections for the most significant scientific concepts to be utilized by students in the learning process.The search was done by qualitative linguistic analysis of the informational texts. The concepts were radicaled into three main sections geographical names, personal names and scientific terms and concepts (see Table 1 for the list). The students were assumed to learn those terms in the constructivist educational process through the hypermedia tools to incorporate them into their evaluation assignments as the evidence for their improved science reading and visual comprehension.Second, an end-of the week questionnaire was administered to the eight-graders in the Science Hypermedia class to denudation out feedback on their learning experience from using the hypermedia learning environment including time spent on independent research in the hypermedia environment (Pompeii The Last Day) (see Tables 3, 4 and Figure 1). Third, Power Point presentations were used as creative evaluation instrument to check the learning outcomes of students com prehension. in all the students were trained to create computer-based presentations by the given program.In an effort to guide and improve the learning of science concepts in the realms of Geology, History and Archeology with eight-graders in the oculus school, a week study of the Topic Plate Tectonic Theory and the Impact of Volcanic Activity on Human History was designed as an action research essay. From the point of view of settings and partly qualitative assessment of the outcomes of research on specific stages (e. g. students feedbacks), this study may also be called a case study, since only one science topic was investigated in regard to students comprehension and motivation.Two classes of eight-graders relatively equal in achievements and learning potential were invited to participate in educational experiment. However, there was no internal sampling conducted within each of the classes. All the students participated voluntarily and for no reward in grades or other. The go als of the present research were clarified to all the participants (N = 40). The total number of participants (N = 40) was invited to study the topic of Plate Tectonics and its impact on human history through different learning resources.The students of experiment group (n = 20) studied the topic in the hypermedia environment (a school computer laboratory equipped with Windows-based microcomputers and, optionally, at home), whereas the other group of students (control group, n = 20) did not use any hypermedia resources learning solely from printed textbooks and handouts as well as teachers oral instructions. To comment, the student of the experiment group received small portions of a teachers instruction while researching the hypermedia context.They were also assisted by a teacher in proceeding from one structural part of the site to the other in order to investigate the topic on each others private pace. However, the general framework of scientific topic was introduced to a group of students. Thus, both group and individual types of instruction tool place in the research. One to a greater extent thing to note, the studies in both the experiment and the control groups were conducted by one and the same teacher of a teaching style being familiar to the students from antecedent experience.After a week of studies, the students from both the groups designed Power Point presentations on the topic within the Hypermedia Evaluation Project in location of a formal examination. The assessment comprised 45% on the subject comprehension (major concepts and direct conceptual links), 45% on utilizing Power Point hypermedia resources, and 10% on creativity. All the students (n = 40) were trained in using the Power Point program. Presentations were evaluated by three examiners. The point of degree between the evaluators was high (r = . 088).

Support and Caring for a Person with Dementia Essay Example for Free

Support and Caring for a Person with Dementia EssayThe forbearing presents with dementia, poor posture (her chin close to her chest) and dislikes solids, there for has to be swear out to feed and chooses only to consume liquids. Her communication skills are also poor and doesnt fuddle the capacity to engage in a flowing confabulation but has the ability to answer a question using the words yes or no or by saying individual words. I was presumptuousness the task of feeding the patient at lunch time as she requires one(a) to one bind at meal times due to her deprivation of willingness to consume solids and fluids. It is extremely important to maintain impregnable fluid intake to reduce the chance of dehydration which could contribute to increased confusion in a dementia patient. To prevent this, patient H has a daily fluid chart which is filled in every time fluids are consumed as a way of effectively monitoring her intake of fluids. I informed patient H it was meal time and directed her to her chair by her bedside, supporting her to razz and positioned a bedside table over her chair.H expresses distress and agitation when sitting in the dining room at meal times with the other patients therefor patients Hs preferences are respected by supporting her to feed at her bed area. I put a plastic green proscenium wall on her to protect her clothes and maintain her dignity, washed my hands and put a green apron over my own clothing for hygiene purposes in accordance with my wards food hygiene policy. As the patient only consumes fluids I got a Fortisip drink from the fridge, poured it into a handled plastic cup and added a straw.Fortisip drinks mystify a high nutritional and energy value and are used as meal replacement in cases such as this patient. I communicated with the patient verbally in an encouraging manner and held the cup and directed the straw to her mouth. I did this at several intervals, making sure I left a able time in between sips to en able her to swallow the contents of the liquid, encouraging conversation throughout. After drinking three quarters of the cup the patient refused to sluttish her mouth to take the straw and shouted no and got up out of her chair which at this point I praised the patient and relocated the cup on the table.I chatted in general conversation with her to give her sufficient time to digest her intake then offered her further fluids to which she stated no more. live up to she had had enough, I removed her apron and directed her to the lounge area and then discussed the task with my mentor. Feelings/thoughts Before I started this task I matt-up slightly enthusiastic as it was the first time I had supported this patient on a one to one basis.I was unsure of how she would react to me as I was an unfamiliar face to her in relation to her feeding and I had previously witnessed her being very verbally aggressive, trying to leave her chair and showing signs of thwarting during meal times wit h other trained, experienced staff on the ward. Throughout the task I felt my confidence increased as the patient was passably compliant with what I was trying to achieve, this made me become more relaxed and less anxious which I feel eased the mood of the whole experience.After finish the task I felt well-provided that I had achieved what was required whilst undertaking a person-centred personalised approach to meet the needs of the patient. Evaluation I felt that I achieved the desired outcome which was to ensure the patient consumed an adequate volume of fluids during meal time whilst promoting a person centred approach to their care as I ensured the patient enjoyed and consumed her meal through liquid form with a suitable aid which is her preference to enable easier consumption.In order to meet patients needs I required a straw, cup, appropriate meal supplement and syringe which are all aids I used during the task. If I hadnt prepared her meal in liquid form then the patient would have been unable to consume her meal which would result in dehydration, hunger and wishing of sufficient nutrients absorbed into her body to enable her to function normally.I felt I could have been more organised with the task as I felt I interrupted the flow of the task by leaving the table on a couple of occasions to retrieve required items. I should have had the meal supplement already poured in the cup with straw to hand at the table along with the oral syringe before directing the patient to get seated in her chair. If I had done this I feel I would have been much more focused on the patient which would have been a more positive experience for the patient. AnalysisIn order to reduce my anxiety of the task I feel it would have been beneficial to have spent more time interacting with the patient on a general basis before supporting her with feeding. This would have provided a more natural change into the task effectively creating a more relaxed experience for the patient . This would enabled me to have an even better person centred approach as I would have known what work well and what doesnt work so well in regards to feeding the patient concerned. ConclusionI feel that the patient received a good standard of person centred care in regards to her mealtime. It is important that the patient feels included and valued within the ward and I feel this is met by ensuring she has one to one support during mealtimes in an area where she feels most comfortable. However, it is also important to note that there may be occasions where the patient would rather not be situated at her bed area and her behaviour of standing up and removing herself from the chair may indicate this.I understood this behaviour was the patients way of expressing that she didnt want any more intake, where in reflection it could have been an indication that she was unhappy with the current surroundings or the temperature for example. My mentor was satisfied that I had taken a person-cen tred personalised approach to the task as I had met and taken into account the patient emotional, metal and physical needs by tailoring her meal time experience using appropriate aids and the environment to create a positive experience which took her preferences into consideration.Action plan In future I will aim to forward plan more and ensure I have all required resources to hand to enable me to consecrate my time and use my time with the patient more effectively. This will ensure that I make the best use of my time which will allow me to support my team effectively and also ensure that the patient feels completely valued and display to them that I am competent and focused on the task I am supporting them with.It would also be beneficial for me to interact with the patient if possible before undertaking a task which would relax the patient and help them feel at ease. I have had previous experience of this skill as I have worked in the social care sector for some years but have f ound having this opportunity to reflect on my practice through the use of the Gibbs model of reflection valuable and presumption me awareness of how I can develop this skill further to benefit the patient.

Immediate Access Storage

Immediate Access StoragePrimary depot is withal cognize as Immediate Access Storage and is where entropy is stored on the main entropy processor store. An example of primary storage is RAM (Random Access Memory other than referred to as RWM (Read Write Memory). RAM is the memory chip stored within the calculators motherboard, where data eject be read, stored and edited. RAM is extremely fast and is where programs atomic number 18 usually installed, payable to its ability to run programs quickly and more efficiently than unoriginal storage facilities.Secondary storage is where software and some documents or spreadsheets are stored onto a stiff drive or externally onto a device such as a disk, which is easy accessible when required, via any computer or laptop and easily transportable. This is a much slower form of storage but popularly used, as the computers CPU (Central Processing Unit) memory is limited in size and its storage capacity. The information is usually sto red on CD ROM external hard drives flash memory or USB Pen drives. Secondary storage is permanent and exactly becomes obsolete in time (when it eventually wears out or is changed by new and improved technology). Complex functions such as translators for high-level languages and in operation(p) systems are placed on ROM memory. (Comp Wisdom, 2006). The ROM memory chip is a viable permanent storage facility for manufacturers, as substance abusers are unable to overwrite the information stored on this device. Off-site data storage is non-volatile and is where information is stored at another location away from the computer, which is accessible from a direct call or via the internet. Off-site data storage is beneficial as a patroniseup if complications arise with the onsite computer system. (No-Moa Publishers, 2000)Table -Differences between Primary and Secondary Storage. (Integrated Publishing, 2010)PrimarySecondaryVolatile TemporaryNon-Volatile PermanentFast memory therefore exp ensiveSlow memory therefore cheaperSmaller storage capacity (L2 Cache = 2MB)bigger storage capacityCloser to CPU or internal so fasterConnects to the CPU so slower performanceExamplesPROM Programmable Read barely Memory, already programmed by the manufacturer, non-editable. Needs a device to burn to disk and if mistake made cannot be corrected.EPROM Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory. Holds data no power supply, electrically reprogrammed up to 100 times. Stores Calibration data in real time clocks.Other types DRAM,SRAM, MRAMOther types ROM cane be read but not overwrittenHard drive, CDs, DVDs, Flash Memory, Magnetic tapes, Offline storage, EEPROM.TE560_21Figure Image of Primary and Secondary Storage.2. Virtualization (or hypervisor) is similar to simulation where an identical copy of an operating system is made.Virtualization can be formed for various systems such as meshings Platforms Applications Desktops servers and storage devices. This means that multiple virtua l machines can be run on a single host (via virtualization), expressing its own resources operating systems and hardware, reducing the risk of software applications from causing complications with each other due to incompatibility errors or conflict.This functionality has also been developed for wireless technology including mobile phones. The benefit of mobile phones having this functionality is that the virtualized environmentwould be open to developers or open to the user to add and install applications to custom-make the phone as they want without disrupting the cable carrier engagement.(Hazelton, Nov 2008)http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTFeUHVc-xcABcxrH8xDl7q3VWyYoBJL2cIMNNFsQtAB8ebnZIsFigure Virtualization Image Blue Whale Web Inc, 20103. The Home Theater receiver, also referred to as an AV receiver or Surround Sound Receiver, is the heart of a home theater system and provides most, if not all, the arousals and sidings that you connect everything, including your television, into. An AV Receiver provides an easy and cost-effective way of centralizing your your home theater system. Part One discusses the audio factors to take into consideration.http//l.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/canstock4372770.jpghttp//www.reevoo.com/decidewhattobuy/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/blu-ray-player.jpghttp//lh5.googleusercontent.com/public/EI_yegmdzg0GsCmGUSyDISl8zD_zZOtAolnYCF6vhX6-kF_MlIBrf8t7XoZLFT3ZJXnx5hIu2mGWXyKVUx1U7xmZEuEXKy2h3atdhqfASFF0xxwpiVuqc_tdn-OUstUeSy_y_MChmYzHM36-XmgODqD1-pTzfQaq8B08http//lh3.googleusercontent.com/public/iz2Chel5cJXmTnGKs05sR57Qwpsu37fLsLQBaDB8ooEaPykOrG5Sa3k8luyBUldEEVxRdqIdM029Z9fmEfA157F7grt0H_Qlb5-EkHi2e8H8N18Dxm1BIF4NOPeKCeoK6K33CMeniNr9aTLn687u_qAhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTy3tuyNo0QIFkj8zWBJ17fRRIKkq2XWIy5sBlZJCucTuTGSMV1http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQLIct0K0DjK9t8MWv_WXeB45gIxgH5nnUXuRI1LsDwVuvUugx53whttp//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcT6ejzL49EUDy6dyejZ4aLeoV7YWompLO-MEJ-n7ahkXJoIoaFOewhttp//www.4hom econtrol.com/clip_image034.jpg4. The cloud in network systems is an abstraction of the real system and itscomplex infrastructure. It hides the essential processes and network connections to the user such as servers, routers hubs, switches, cabling and storage (the points of entry and exits) that enable data processing.(Wiley Publishing Incoporated, 1998)The cloud represents the communications network such as network cables, which connect to various devices in order to communicate over short distances or over a large geographical area, similar to that of a band infrastructure.5a. PDF known as Portable Document Formatis a system by which files can be displayed on various applications which is independent of software, hardware and operating systems which they originated from and the computer or printer from which the output originated.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006, p. 33). PDF files have a sophisticated imaging model derived from PostScript page description language (Adobe System s Incorporated, 2006)which has been redefined to incorporate binary format.PDF files contain universally accepted format of arrays syntaxes graphics imagery and text containing specified instructions disapproves that allows outputto be consistent across un-similar devices.b. The format for storing, page layout and managing objects is compressed in PDF files via means of fixed, two-dimensional PostScript document.The advantages of using PDF files rather than HTML are-Files can be encrypted and cannot be tampered with can have a digital feeling which can be for legal issues images and information can be used as evidence in court, whereas HTML has no security controls.PDF have a low risk of macrocosm contaminated by a virus.A PDF file can be password encrypted.PDF reader software which is free of thrill whereas HTML requires a Browser window.Font is embedded in a PDF file ensuring that layout and appearance remains intact, whereas HTML font and appearance is defined by the creator which can appear differently depending on browser functionality used.PDF is designed to take appearance of documentation into consideration, whereas HTML concentrates on structure.PDF files hold large data compared to that of HTML.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)c. PDF has a font embedded system allowing font programsto travel with the document, which are interpreted at the destination by the data structure, which is built into the application or by means of an external font file. This transfers the information into a character which is a graphical shape known as a glyph. The file compresses information which preserves data and maintains the integrity of the original document including its fonts and graphics. (Chuck Geschke, 2004, p. 24)d. A PDF contains 5 object types in relation to graphics, which are embedded into the file and transported with the document these being-PathTextInlineShadingThese objects define the position, orientation, size of text, graphics and bitmap imagery that appear on the page by means of appropriate shading, structure, syntax, garble fill and line strokes. The cleverly designed graphical parameters allow conversion and compression files to make certain discreet changes to the graphics without changing the surrounding environment.The filede terminalines the imagery and displays it in the exact layout and position. This is known as the Cartesian co-ordinate system. (Adobe Incorporated, 2006)A vector (object) image is handled similarly, as paths are made up of lines called Bezier curves. (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)The path object transfers these into paths that can be stroked and filled. The output format is then transferred with the file to cater for the imagery.e. There are a number of limitations that a PDF has on the end user these being-Graphic recognition is time consuming to process documents containing Vector graphicsDocuments holding certain layouts like magazines and newspapers cannot be deciphered correctly.The do cuments are un-editable which could fall upon documents pertaining to lawyers, that require proofreading and alterations by the client.Due to new versions being released on a regular basis with new functionality, causes incompatibilities with documents created by earlier versions.Converting a PDF file back into a formatted word document asPDF does not recognise paragraphs, formatting, headers, footers, indentations, and line breaks. (PDF Tools, 2005)6. A computer network is split up physically as well as logically. A collision domain (Ethernet segment) is where two or more devices are attempting to transmit packets of data at the same time and are usually contained within a broadcast domain. Devices that are attached to a hub or a switch are within a collision domain. Collision domains are usually divided by a switch or bridgesand use a collision -sensing protocol called CSMA/CD. The basic strategy for this protocol is it detects imminent collisions by abnormalities in the voltage , which occurs in the computer rejecting the corrupted frame (runt). (CISCO, 2006)A broadcast domain (Ethernet LAN) is a logical part of the network that emits data to another device.(Symatech, 2010)DOMAINSFigure This plot shows the 2Broadcast domains in Green and the 5collision domains in Red.Table This table shows the ISO-OSI layers and the domains.LayerISO-OSI LayersWhats processedDomainDevices7Application LayerPorts, socketsInteraction6Presentation LayerFormat, encodingTranslation5Session LayerMessages, communicationControls Dialogue4Transport LayerTCP segmentData transfer3Network LayerIP Packet, IP AddressBroadcast domains. Layer 3 devices stop the flow of broadcast domainsIP address, Router, level 3 switch2Data Link LayerFrame, Interface cards, adaptersSingle separated Collision, one single broadcast domain also created. Layer two network devices can divide collision domains.Switches, Bridges1Physical LayerBit StreamSingle Broadcast and CollisionHUB, Repeaters7. Von Neuman ns architecture comprises of the four main components,see diagram below. This is used in current computers lay the foundation to what is known as the Little Man Computer(Englander, 2010)the essential criteria for this architecture is the memory which has a stored program model (Englander, 2010) which allows the programs to be edited. It stores the address in a sequenced address order which has its own memory slot and traced by unique location number.Memory- consists of RAM to store programs and dataControl unit is used to fetch information from memory and decodes it and performs operations to complete the taskArithmetic unit performs mathematical calculationsInput/output is the interface with the human operatorFigure diagram of Von Neumanns Computer Architecturehttp//computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_compAn example of entering and adding two numbers is as followsTake first number and input (the number is now stored in the calculator)store the number (this is stored in memory slot and number is left on calculator)-Input second number (2nd number replace first in calculator)Add first number to second (fetch 1st number from stored address location and add to number in calculator) viewing/output result8. 32 bitswide or 4 Bytes can address 4Gigabytes of memory = 4 (232 = 4,294,967,296). AMD introduced the first 32 bit flash memory device on 5th August 2001 which would allow systems to run 8 x faster than those using standard flash memory. (Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated, 2010).9. Volatile memory is a term derived from the Latin word volatilis which translated means to fly. This terminology is applied to something that is unpredictable subject to change unstable or hostile. The RAM (Random Access Memory) in a computer istemporary (volatile storage), as the information stored is obliterated when the power is either switched off or interrupted, as power is required to retain information stored on the machines memory.Non Volatile memory (NVRAM) is not dele ted when the connection between the memory and the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is lost. Devices such as memory disksor hard disk drivesstore informationpermanently untilit is no longer required by the user.RAM, DRAM, SRAM are all forms of volatile memory and ROM and Flash memory are non-volatile forms of memory. Flash memory is widely used in the Automobile manufacturing industries, for car applications to work efficiently. Some cars contain MCUs chips (Microcontrollers), where program functionality are stored using non-volatile memory on the MCU, allowingcar functionality to work correctly such as Cruise control, air clutch safety mechanism, engine controls and temperatures.(International Engineering Consortium, 2006)It could be crucial if this information plus vital safety checks were erased every time avehicle is switched off10. Figure Data incline Diagram showing Mixed number in a base other than 10 converted to a Decimal. (Englander, Number Systems, 2010)Display AnswerDisp lay whole number and Decimal parts togetherConvert Fractional Part to base 10Convert Integer part to decimalSplit into Integer number and Fractional partsStart withMixed numberMixed Number = whole number + fractionAnother way to convert a mixed number into a decimal is as follows-Answer =2.88Round answer to two decimal places2.87523/8To get Decimal basin numerator by denominatorRewrite indecent fraction with numerator on top8 x 2 x 7Turn mixed number into improper fraction2 7/8Start withMixed numberMixed Number = whole number + fraction

Gordon Allport An American Psychologist Psychology Essay

Gordon Allport An Ameri brook Psychologist Psychology EssayPsychologyofthe lackof busyand curbmethods, in general,failstodiscloseor studyof theintegrityand consistency ofthe charactersthatactu onlyyexist.The greatest drawbackof a psychologistat the presenttime ishisinability toprove the justiceofwhat heknows.Gordon Allport is an outstanding figure in the world of psychological science, and now there is hardly a book on psychological science of temper without a limited chapter on his theory, or at least references to it.Having experienced the clashing of different schools, Allport did non actually belong to any of them, and created his own.He believed that the comprehensive theory of individualizedity can be created by combining the achievements of different scientific fields, and thus, of course, has earned numerous accusations of eclecticism.Today, such accusations can be viewed much as praise, for the future of scientific psychology more cl early(a) seen in a balanced lo cation rather than in an opposition of antagonists.In approving such a position Allport played a very important role, and now has a decent place of honor in the gallery of masters of psychology.His influenceonthe psychology ofthe worldcan not be overestimated.Allportrefers to a raretype ofsystematizers, hewasperhapsthe smartestpersonof thosewhoeng erad in the psychology of disposition,a gaywith imagination, nevertheless(prenominal) the most(prenominal) strikingfeature of Allportwaslogical thinking.Allport introducedintothe psychology a lotof raw ideas, he smoothed outthe extremesandovercome the contradictions ofthe attainment,that is why hecan rightly becalled oneof thedialectically-mindedpsychologists. He was oftencalled eclectic,and he agreedwithit,specifyingthat eclecticismin thissensewasnot a vice,but a veryproductivemethodof research. (Evans, 1971, p.19)Perhaps a some(prenominal) peoplecan becomparedwith himon the number ofideasthat are includedin textbooksontheoriesof con stitution,andinthe brinybodyof knowledgeof personality psychology.Allportwas behind thetheory oftraits,humanistic psychology,wrote the first textbookonthe synthesisof personality psychology,has legalizedthe introductionto the academicscienceof qualitativemethods,research problemssuch aspersonalmaturity, vision, self-actualization, religiosity. Hedid not makediscoveries or breakthroughs,has not created aschool or any new paradigm,butin umteen respectsheis credited withcreatingthe psychology of personalityas aparticular subjectareaitis no exaggeration tocall him thearchitect ofpersonality psychology.During his lifetime Allport managed to get all kinds of honors he was elected as the president of the American Psychological Association (1939), president of fellowship of the Study of Social Problems, received the award for outstanding contribution to science (1964), etc. But in his autobiography he admitted that among thenumerous scientific distinctions the most valuable to him was the prize given to him in 1963, a 2-volume collection of take shapes of 55 of his former graduate students with the inscription from the students with gratitude for the respect for their individuality.The list of Allports publications includes his reviews and prefaces to other peoples books, as he was engaged in the educational activity he enriched the American science with ideas of personology of W. Stern, Psychology of the spirit of E. Spranger and Gestalt K. Koffka, W. Kohler and M. Wertheimer.He was able to assess the significance for psychology of the ideas of existentialism, and supported the establishment of the Association of Humanistic Psychology.Another distinctive feature of scientific style of Allport is to be always on the cutting edge of complaisant issues of the time, because he wanted to study what was more important for people.In many specific areas he has created articles and books the Psychology of expressive movements, psychology radio, rumors psychology, psycho logy of war, the psychology of religion, and his 600-page work devoted to the nature of prejudice for almost 50 years remains the main source of the problem, and its relevance only increases.Gordon Allport BiographyGordon Willard Allport was born on November 11, 1897 in Montezuma, Indiana.He was the youngest of four sons of John and Nellie Allport.His father was a modest and not very successful doctor, his private clinic was situated within the walls of his own house.Allports mother was a schoolteacher, and, most importantly, a devout and pious woman, and she thought the children of reasonable, orderly and virtuous life skills.And the character of Gordon was formed largely under the influence of a strict, but humane maternal morality.Gordon in 1915 went to Harvard, and from then began a half-century of his collaboration with Harvard University.At Harvard, the intellectual abilities of Gordon turned in full force and gained focus.In parallel with the psychology he dealt with social e thics from an early age his interest was divided between psychology and the broader social context, and not by accident in the 30 years he created at Harvard the Department of Social Relations, an interdisciplinary by its very nature, with synthetic approaches of psychology, sociology and anthropology.A distinctive feature of the scientific outlook of Allport was a pretty big influence on him of European psychology, especially of William Stern, Eduard Spranger, and Gestalt psychology (in many respects this was caused by staying of young scientist in Europe in the early 1920s).Influenced by these ideas, Allport, having been engaged in a 1920 in study of the issues of personality psychology, especially of personality traits and expressive movements, he quickly realized the need to enumerate the whole personality, rather than its parts.After returningtoHarvard,Allportat the age of 24wrote his doctoratein psychology, but the keyideas ofhis workwerepresentedto thema year precedentinth e article temperamenttraitstheir classification andmeasurement,written jointlywithhis brotherFloyd, andpublishedin theJournal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. In the next two years Allport went to the internship in Europe first in Germany, where he worked with M. Wertheimer, V. Kohler, W. Stern, C. Stumpf, and then for a short time in England, at Cambridge.Drawing on personal experience with work with masters of German psychology, he later at home has long been a leading expert in this area and the phonation of their ideas.In 1924 he returned to Harvard, where he began to read a completely new course of personality psychology.It is important to note that until then, many psychologists considered problems in the theory of personality not as psychological.The final breakthrough in this area has occurred in 1937, after publication of the Allports major monograph Personality a psychological study.In it the reference (by the way, long before the groundbreaking theory of Maslow) was first to study a healthy personality and described its essential features.Allports collection of works Personality in Psychology presents a commodious range of his interests health issues, religion and superstition, social prejudices, as well as the main methodological problems of psychology.In his work, which was reflected in 12 books and more than two hundred articles, he tried to capture the complexity of human earthly concern in the contemporary social context and resolutely refused to make out the fashionable tenets of his profession, demonstrating commitment to the imaginative and systematic eclecticism.During his career, Allport was awarded with almost all the regalia of a psychologist he was elected president of the American Psychological Association (1939), chairwoman of the psychological study of social problems, in 1963 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation, in 1964, APA received an award for outstanding contributionin science.Allports approach to personalityAllport was the first in the world of psychology to build a holistic divinatory knowledge of the scientific psychology of personality.His book Personality a psychological interpretation, which was published in 1937, marked the beginning of the academic personality psychology.Personality, by Allport, is a dynamic organization of psycho-physical systems of the individual, which defines a unique adaptation of the individual to his environment. (Allport, 1937)G. Allport theory of personality is a combination of humanistic and individual approaches to the study of human behavior.Humanistic approach lies in an attempt to identify all aspects of human beings, and individual approach is reflected in an effort of G. Allport to understand and predict the development of the real, specific person.One of the main postulates of the theory of G. Allport is that personality is open and self-developing. tidy sum first and foremost are a social beings and therefore can not de velop without contacts with other people and society.Here comes the Allport rejection of psychoanalysis on the antagonistic, contrary relations between the individual and society.In this case, G. Allport argued that the communication of personality and society is not striving for balance with the medium, but for networking and interaction.Thus, he strongly objected to the generally recognized postulate that development is an adaptation, an adaptation of man to the outside world, arguing that human nature just need to blow up the balance and reach more and more new peaks.Explaining human behavior, G. Allport introduced the concept of traits.He defined the trait as the neuropsychological structure capable of converting a set of functionally equal stimuli, and to encourage and guide equivalent forms of adaptive and expressive behavior.Simply it is propensity to behave in a similar manner in a wide range of situations.G. Allport theory states that human behavior is relatively stable over time and in diverse situations.In the G. Allport system personality is characterized by traits, or defining characteristics. He proposed eight basic criteria for determining personality traits personality traits are real they exist in humans, and are not theoretical abstractions personality trait is a more generalise notion than a habit personality traits is the driving, or at least, a defining element of behavior, it motivates the individual the existence of personality traits can be established empirically personality traits is only relatively in work outent, as people tend to react to events and phenomena according to a generalized manner personality traits can not be associated with this individual moral or social assessment the detail that actions and habits are in consistent with the personality traits is not evidence of lack of that traits.Allports Theory of somebody Trait and Common TraitEach person is an idiom unto himself,an apparent violation of the syntax of the s pecies.( Allport G. Becoming radical Considerations for a Psychology of Personality,1955, p.19).G. Allport pointed general and individual traits.The first include any characteristics peculiar to some number of people within a particular culture.Individual traits represent characteristics of the individual, which does not allow comparison with other people, that are those neuropsychiatric elements that direct, manage and motivate a certain type of behavior.This category of traits more full reflects the personality structure of each individual.Later G. Allport called individual personality traits as dispositions, and identified three types of them Radical disposition.Almost all human actions can be explained by the influence of inborn traits. Central dispositions.They do not dominate, but are the foundation of human individuality. Secondary dispositions.These traits are less visible, less generalized, less stable and therefore less suitable for the characteristics of personality.For example, eating habits and clothing, etc.G. Allport believed that personality is determined by the unity and integration of individual traits that give him originality.The PropriumIn 1950 Allport, however, introduced a new concept to replace the traditional I concept the notion of proprium.AProprium by Allport is similar to what William James once explained as an area of I.The main thing that has developed Allport in connection with the concept of the proprium and proprium structures of personality is periodization of personal development, based on seven aspects of proprium.G. Allport identified seven stages of development of proprium from childhood to due date During the first three years child demonstrate three aspects the sense of a body, a sense of continuous self-identity and self-esteem or pride. At the age of four to six years, there are two other aspects self-identification and self-image. Between six and twelve years a child develops self-awareness, so that he can cope wi th problems on the basis of rational thought.In adolescence, there are intentions, plans and long-term goals, they called their own aspirations.So,inan adultindividual we can seea personwhosedeterminantsof behaviorisa systemof organizedandcongruenttraits, thesetraitsresulted from many different motivations of anewborn.Normalindividualsusually knowwhatthey aredoing and why.Thisbehavior is consistent withcongruentpattern,andat the stubof this patternlie traits thatG.Allportcalledproprium.Completeunderstanding ofthe adultis not possible withoutconsidering hisgoalsandaspirations.Motive and Functional AutonomyAccording to Allport, the core of the personality are the motives of activity.In order to explain the nature of motivation, he introduced the concept of functional autonomy, which means that the motivation of the adult is not functionally committed with his childhood experiences.Motives of human activity do not depend on the initial circumstances of their occurrence. Thus, adults a re responsible for their deeds and actions, and do not depend on the vicissitudes of childhood. Motivesof adultscan not, according toAllport,resultfrom theirchildrensintentions and perceptions,andthese goalsare determined bythe currentsituationandcurrent intentions. Thus, functionalautonomy,in the view ofAllport,are motives of adultswhich do not dependontheirchildrens experiences.Criticism of AllportDespite hisinfluence inpsychology,theory ofAllporthas not receivedsufficient experimentalconfirmation.What is the empirical validity of the theoretical concept of personality in Allport?Analysis of relevant literature shows that the Allports theory does not rise any study to confirm its validity.With his views and concepts agreed only few well-known authors in the field Personology (Maddi, 1972).Allports position,emphasizing theuniqueness of the humanpersonality, as well asthe importanceof understanding personalgoalsand expectations,had asignificantimpact onthe views ofAbrahamMaslow,Carl Rogersandother members ofhumanistic psychology.Allportworkonpersonality theoryhave playeda significantrolein the renewed interestof researchers inthissubject.Hisidea ofproducea verystrong impressionandgivesimpetus toa numberof new theoretical andappliedresearchin contemporarypersonality psychology. (Evans, 1971)ConclusionDuring the years of his long and highly productive career at Harvard University, Gordon Allport has done much to make research on the psychology of the individual of an academic importance.Before his book Personality psychological interpretation, the theory of personality problems in general was not considered as the subject of psychology.G. Allport was one of the few psychologists who made a bridge between academic psychology with its traditions on the one hand, and rapidly evolving field of clinical psychology and personality psychology on the other.This connection not only enriches sub-discipline discoveries, but also allows to set the intellectual continuity tha t is important for the future development of psychology. Finally, the novelty of the position of G. Allport lies in the fact that he focused on the future and present, and rarely on the past.Gordon Allport was a unique, proactive, integrated, forward-looking person, who left great theoretical material on the psychology of individual, andinfluencedmanyscientists, theirviews andapproaches,as well as all the science of psychology.

Impact of exchange rate on the economy

Impact of change over outrank on the sparingA agriculturals tack tramp is explicitly the money value at which it transacts business with other countries around the piece. It determines how much would be an equivalent of its bullion which would be used to purchase goods and services from other countries around the global world. The world is a global commercialise that needs a form of agreement in terms of currency at which it trades. The essence of a fixed central tread system is to take note a countrys currency valuewithin a very narrow band.This is also regarded as pegged telephone re-sentencing rate. The exchange rate in question depends on the form or type which the government of the country chooses to adopt or to use.OBJECTIVETo discuss issues as they will cloak certainty in international trade when all countries adopt a fixed exchange rate. The issues to consider includeTypes of exchange rateHow exchange rate changesImpact of exchange rate on the economy both nati onally and internationallyUnderstanding of fixed exchange rate from demand and supply perspective. move OF THE ADOPTION OF A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE ON INTERNATIONAL MARKET.In the history of financial world there exists various international fiscal systems and foreign exchange rate which not only manage internal economy of country but also international trade issue. These include icy rateFloating rateForward rateSpot rateFuture rateAmongst these, we shall critically examine the fixed rate and how it can yarn-dye international trade as a whole.FIXED RATESAccording to the writer of ehow found on http//www.ehow.com/list_6804540_types-foreign-exchange- judge.html viewed on 30/12/10 it writes The little economies of developing countries adopt the use of fixed foreign exchange rates for trading and to attract foreign investments. By fixing its currency against the currencies of other countries, a country keeps export prices afford fit and easy to international buyers and allows for trade surplus over condemnation.Fixed currency rates also allow a country to assure foreign investors of the stable value of their investments in the country. However, downstairs fixed rates, the monetary policies of a country can become ineffective when trying to attain domestic stinting activities by consumers at the host country. Injecting more money into the economy would normally reduce a countrys currency value against foreign currencies under drift rates. As imports become more expensive, consumers would gradually focus their demand on domestic products, potentially lifting up the economy. With fixed rates, however, the exchange value of domestic currency does not move and more money means more buying power for imports. Such an outcome does not achieve policy makers spirit to increase domestic demand. This is expedient in order to ensure that there is a close gap which would assist balance of payment the international economy would be appreciative of a fixed rate of exchange a s it would allow for free flow goods and services at a predicted price.(Reference http//www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/1993/intro-93.pdf assessed on 30/12/10)From the above citation from Adrian, it is obvious that fixed exchange rate has its benefits too which would help the international grocery. Below are some of the merits and demerits of the fixed exchange rate.MERITS OF FIXED EXCHANGE RATE1. It reduces fluctuation in the value of currencies which can cause problems for firms engaged in Trade. When exchange rate is fixed, it allows for comfort in the proneness of the foreign customers who wants to trade with the host country as they would know that the price agreed on for the commodities at the stated time would still be at a given exchange rate. Though the price of the commodity might change, but the exchange rate is known.2. It allows for foreign firms to invest in countries where fixed exchange rate occurs. Some Japanese firms baffle said that the UKs reluctance to join the Euro and provide a stable exchange rates make the UK a slight desirable place to invest.3. When the cost of import and export increases, it will therefore increase the income of the host country and the other countries involved.4. A well monitored exchange rate would assist the domestic companies to sell out there products to the international world without fear of pressure from exchange rate differences, thereby increasing the domestic market and encouraging the local manufacturers to produce more of their products which would be used for international trade.5. Fixed exchange rate reduces drastically the expectations of inflation in an economy.Inflation is reduce to a minimal if not zero. This is due to the fact that the one of the major factors that would have allowed for inflation which is differing exchange rate is absent.DEMERITS OF FIXED EXCHANGE RATES1. To maintain a fixed level of the exchange rate whitethorn conflict with other macroeconomic objectives.2. It is diffi cult to respond to temporary shocks. For example an oil importer may face a balance of payments deficit if oil price increases, but in a fixed exchange rate there is little meet to devalue.3. It requires government intervention when there exists too much money in circulation and the fixed rate is affecting the countrys currency adversely.4. In order to check the problems that may accrue to the countrys currency, the central bank with the government may have to increase interest rate which may not be conducive to the citizenry, subscribe tos to unemployment and might lead to recession.(Reference http//www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/exchangerate/advantages-disadvantages-fixed.html assessed on 30/12/10)CONCLUSIONFrom the above mentioned issues on foreign exchange basically on fixed and rudderless foreign exchange, it is obvious that the floating system of exchange would be better off as the dangers of fixed would be avoided. This is also the system widely used by most countri es i.e. the floating exchange rate as it helps to readjust during inflation and deflation. Under a system of fixed exchange rates balance of payments equilibrium is disturbed by a fall in export sales. When the supply curve of foreign exchange moves sharply and the authorities do nothing, an excess demand for foreign exchange will come on the market and thereby causing the exchange rate to rise which means the home currency would depreciate. In order to keep back against such happening the home authorities must enter the market, and close the gap by supplying foreign exchange from reserves. Thus the home currency may be supported at cost to the countrys reserves. This would drastically affect the financial reserve of the country.However, the implication of the adverse effect on the domestic market is also very crucial. But this is where the government intervention now matters. The government of the concerned countries would buy the currency which is in excess from the market so as to avoid deflation of its currency which could lead to a devastating market economy. A good example is the government of Australia as written by Adrian Blundell-Wignall. He wrote Australias economic relations with the rest of the world have undergone profound change over the past times decade. The floating of the exchange rate opened goods markets to greater international aspiration and Australias pattern of international trade changed considerably. Concomitantly, increasing integration into world financial markets saw Australia drawing more heavily on foreign capital. In the past 15 years, two broad developments in the world economy have been particularly significant for Australia financial market liberalisation and the emergence of the newly industrialising countries in Asia. From the late 1970s, financial liberalisation (and, in particular, the removal of capital controls) made financial markets increasingly globalised. At times, these developments were associated with speculati ve capital flows that undermined attempts to reconcile managed exchange rates with domestic macroeconomic objectives. At the end of 1983, against the background of more general moves to deregulate the financial system, the Australian dollar was floated.Australia is a small commodity trade country, subject to significant terms of trade shocks driven by the world commodity price cycle. Once the currency was floated, the nominal exchange rate was able to respond more rapidly to these external shocks, helping to cushion the domestic economy from the inflationary and deflationary pressures to which they gave rise. For example, falls in the terms of trade have been associated with real depreciation which has reduced the negative income effects of the terms of trade decline on exporters and has added stabilising stimulatory influence to the domestic economy. While movements in the currency have been largely driven by commodity prices, it is widely felt that the depreciation in the mid-198 0s went beyond that justified by fundamentals.While the real exchange rate recovered in the second half of the 1980s and fell again in the early 1990s, in line with the behaviour of the terms of trade, the boilers suit trend in the past two decades has been one of real depreciation. This downward trend in the real exchange rate occurred at a time when Australia also began to cumulate significantly larger external deficits, so that foreign debt was rising as a share of income. This too can be colligate to the globalisation of world capital markets. The greater degree of integration of Australia into world financial markets meant that it became easier to attract capital from the rest of the world to finance investment respectively of the level of national saving. There were two major investment booms in the 1980s associated with high real exchange rates and current account deteriorations. The first occurred around the time of the second oil price rise in the late 1970s/early 1980s , and resulted largely from improved prospects for the energy and minerals sectors. The second was associated with the summation price boom later in the decade. Both episodes were accompanied by a build-up in Australias foreign liabilities and were followed by a world recession and fall commodity prices.

Meaningful and Sentimental Best Man Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Sp

Meaningful and Sentimental Best Man SpeechGood good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I would alike to echo the grooms sentiments and mention that every the bridesmaids look truly comely, indeed.Also, Id like to say that the bride looks absolutely stunning today, as for the groom he only when looks stunned. I am on a strict time limit from the bride, so the more you laugh at my jokes, the quicker my speech will be.It is beautiful to see so many loving family members and friends here to share in this occasion, especially those who have traveled some distances to be here with us today. For those of you who dont subsist me, I have been a friend of the grooms for seven years. He has many special friends, and haying the privilege of being chosen as his best man, from much(prenominal) esteemed company, is an honor the likes of which I have never had bestowed upon me.I like to think that my selection as one of the best men is not really because your other friend canceled on you, but bec ause I am one of the few people in the room and indeed alive that has actually seen you shit a homerun.To be called a best man on a day like this is somewhat of a paradox. For today belongs to only one man, and thats you. No matter the size and liberality of the thoughts and tokens provided to you today you have already attained the greatest gift a man can wish for the love of a woman as beautiful and caring as the bride.I have had the distinct pleasure of subtle, for a considerable portion of my life, both of them individually, before knowing them as a couple. The beautiful girl that every boy in our class was madly in love with and the boy from the baseball team, who I didnt like much at the time. Spending time with the two of them is like sl... ...honor and respect both and for himself and for those he loves.As is customary I should leave the groom with bracing words, to help in your marriage. Since I am a bachelor, I have little experience to speak from, but I hope these hel p in any event 1. Never go to bed angry always stay up and argue.2. Always remember those three little words that are so of the essence(p) in a marriage Youre right dear.?3. Lastly, under no circumstances will you swear at our wife, if there are ladies present. Searching around to contract a pertinent closing thought, all were overshadowed by the validity of the following You dont marry someone because you can live with them, you marry them because you simply cannot live without them. Ladies and gentlemen, if you could all be upstanding, and join me in a toast To the two people who are so dear in all our hearts, the bride and groom.

Myth and the Modern World Essay -- Heros Journey, Hospitality

Since the beginning of time, people have been searching the universe feeling for answers to the burning questions somewhat what it all means. By looking to the past, we find parallels that help put our own modern lives into perspective. We mortals have an insatiable quest for knowledge about everything under the sun. Who are we? Where did we come from? Why are we here? What happens next? By analyzing the meaning of ancient Mythology and applying the lessons learned through the scrappers quests, we stumble insight and perspective about our own place in the modern world we live in to twenty-four hours. By visualizing and internalizing the lessons learned through the mythological heros journeys, we find relevance in the symbolism and metaphors that mirror our own struggles and inspire us to find the courage and determination to overcome them.I am not a deeply religious person but I do believe in something. What that something is, I am not entirely sure. However, same the ch aracters in the myths we have read about this semester, I know that I am also on a journey that hopefully one day will reveal the answers to the questions Ive been looking for along with the ones I havent even thought of yet. Life is a quest that begins at put up and continues until the day we die. Our quests resemble the heros journeys because in attempting to achieve our goals we stumble, fall, get a little help if were lucky, then get up and tense up again. Sometimes I pray for supernatural help as I struggle to overcome obstacles along the way, but so far no gods or goddesses have materialized to help me out in my times of need. I guess thats why we have family - those people in our lives we sometimes cant live with but could never live without. They are the ones... ... process. Like the mythological characters weve been introduced to this semester, we travel through life and face obstacles that either make us stronger or shatter us into a million pieces. Its up to us to choose how we put those pieces back together.Works CitedJason and the Golden Fleece. Ancient Greece Mythology. Copyright 2003-2012 University insistency Inc. . Web. 11 Oct 2013. . Raffel, Burton . Beowulf. New York, NY Signet Classic, 1963. print. Gardner, John. Grendel. New York, NY Vintage Books, 1971. Print. Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey. Deluxe. New York, NY Penguin Classics, 1996. Print. Encyclopedia Mythica. MCMXCV - MMXII Encyclopedia Mythica.. Web. 11 Oct 2013. . The Epic of Gilgamesh. Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center, Web. .